Article I, Section 5 of the Constitution gives each chamber of Congress the power to expel any of its members "with the concurrence of two thirds." This power is among the most extreme sanctions available to Congress and has been used rarely in history. The House has expelled only five members: three for disloyalty during the Civil War in 1861, and two more in modern times — Michael Myers (D-PA) in 1980 for bribery in the Abscam sting, and James Traficant (D-OH) in 2002 for racketeering and bribery. Members have resigned before expulsion votes in other instances. Expulsion requires a two-thirds majority in the relevant chamber, a much higher bar than censure (which requires a simple majority) or other lesser sanctions.