An executive agency court is a tribunal housed inside an executive branch department rather than the independent judicial branch created by Article III of the Constitution. Immigration courts are the most prominent example: they operate under the Department of Justice's Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR). Because they aren't Article III courts, their judges don't have lifetime tenure, aren't appointed by the President with Senate confirmation, and can be removed by the Attorney General without cause. This structure gives the executive branch direct control over who adjudicates immigration cases — a power that has no counterpart in the federal district court system.