Under the Spending Clause (Art. I, Sec. 8, Cl. 1), Congress can attach conditions to federal grants to states. The Supreme Court in South Dakota v. Dole (1987) held that conditions are constitutional if they are unambiguous, related to the federal interest in the program, and not coercive. In NFIB v. Sebelius (2012), the Court struck down the ACA Medicaid expansion mandate as unconstitutionally coercive, establishing that conditioning all existing funding — not just new funding — on new compliance requirements crosses a constitutional line. Maine's situation tests whether the Education Department can condition all K-12 federal funding on compliance with an executive interpretation of Title IX without a statutory change or court ruling.