The Ninth Amendment says the Constitution''s enumeration of specific rights ''shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.'' James Madison included this language to counter Federalist arguments that listing rights (like free speech or jury trials) would imply those were the only rights Americans possessed. Unenumerated rights include privacy, travel, marriage, and parental authority over children. The Supreme Court recognized a right to privacy in Griswold v. Connecticut (1965), striking down a ban on contraceptives for married couples. Justice William Douglas found privacy in ''penumbras'' and ''emanations'' from the First, Third, Fourth, Fifth, and Ninth Amendments. This unenumerated right later supported Roe v. Wade (1973) on abortion and Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) on same-sex marriage. Conservative justices like Clarence Thomas reject unenumerated rights as judicial overreach, arguing courts invent rights the Founders never intended. The debate centers on who decides which rights exist: elected legislatures or unelected judges interpreting the Ninth Amendment''s vague guarantee.