Article II: The Executive Branch and Presidential Powers Under Active Judicial Scrutiny

Article II of the U.S. Constitution establishes the presidency, vesting executive power in a single president, defining the commander-in-chief role, and granting authority to appoint officers and enforce laws. The October 2025 Supreme Court term placed Article II's boundaries under unprecedented scrutiny, with cases testing presidential tariff authority, the power to federalize state National Guard units, and whether presidential immunity shields a sitting president from state prosecution. The term represents a live stress test of Article II's limits.