How many Americans had ACA marketplace coverage in 2020, before the enhanced subsidies took effect?

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In 2020, before enhanced subsidies took effect, 10 million Americans had ACA marketplace coverage—half the 2025 enrollment of 20 million. This pre-subsidy baseline shows what marketplace enrollment looked like under original ACA rules (subsidies only below 400% poverty, capped at 8.5% of income). The doubling from 10M to 20M demonstrates enhanced subsidies didn't just help existing enrollees afford coverage—they brought millions of previously uninsured or employer-covered people into the marketplace by making it competitive with job-based insurance.

How many Americans had ACA marketplace coverage in 2020, before the enhanced subsidies took effect?

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