The November 2025 hemp rider changed the legal definition of "hemp" from a 0.3% delta-9 THC dry-weight limit to a "total THC" cap counting delta-8, delta-10, THCA, and isomers per package.

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The 2018 Farm Bill defined "hemp" as cannabis with no more than 0.3% delta-9 THC on a dry-weight basis, legalizing hemp cultivation and sale. This definition created a loophole: manufacturers extracted other THC isomers (delta-8, delta-10, THCA) and concentrated them into edibles, beverages, and vapes, arguing these were not "delta-9 THC" and thus remained legal hemp. By 2025, this $28 billion industry sold intoxicating products in gas stations and convenience stores, alarming state attorneys general and licensed cannabis companies. The November 2025 rider rewrote the statutory definition to count "total THC"—including all delta-9, delta-8, delta-10, THCA, and synthetic cannabinoid isomers—and imposed a 0.4 milligram per-container cap. This drafting change shifts enforcement from plant dry-weight testing (hard to apply to processed products) to finished-product testing (easier for FDA and USDA to regulate). The new definition effectively bans 95% of consumable hemp products when it takes effect one year after enactment (November 2026). Industry estimates placed the market at $28-30 billion, with trade groups projecting tens of thousands of job losses. The case teaches how statutory definitions determine regulatory jurisdiction: by redefining "hemp," Congress expanded FDA's authority to seize non-compliant products and USDA's power to decertify hemp farmers growing high-THC plants. It also shows how incumbent industries (licensed marijuana companies) lobby to eliminate competition from unregulated rivals (hemp manufacturers), using public safety rhetoric to restrict market access. The rider's one-year implementation window reflects lobbying by hemp advocates who secured transition time for businesses to comply or exit. This episode reveals the power of legislative language: a few sentences in a spending bill can criminalize an entire industry by changing a single word in the U.S. Code.

The November 2025 hemp rider changed the legal definition of "hemp" from a 0.3% delta-9 THC dry-weight limit to a "total THC" cap counting delta-8, delta-10, THCA, and isomers per package.

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