The Tenth Amendment states: "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the [BLANK] respectively, or to the people."

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The Tenth Amendment reserves to the States "the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States." This language underpins the anti-commandeering doctrine: because policing and local governance are powers not granted to the federal government, they remain with the states. Minnesota and Illinois invoked the Tenth Amendment to argue that deploying thousands of federal agents to usurp state police functions violated the constitutional boundary separating federal and state authority.

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