What did Fong Yue Ting v. United States (1893) establish about deportation?

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The federal government's power to deport non-citizens is "as absolute and unqualified" as the power to exclude them. In its May 15, 1893 decision, the Supreme Court (5-3) upheld the Geary Act, which allowed arrest and deportation of Chinese immigrants who failed to obtain residence certificates, even if they had violated no other laws. Justice Horace Gray declared the deportation power of "every sovereign nation" to be absolute. This was the first case upholding broad federal powers to set residence conditions and deport aliens living lawfully in the U.S., establishing the plenary power doctrine that limits judicial review of congressional and executive immigration decisions.

What did Fong Yue Ting v. United States (1893) establish about deportation?

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