Would the deployment of armed force by a State against a non-state criminal group located in another State’s territory without the host State’s consent violate Article 2(4) of the United Nations Charter?

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Article 2(4) of the United Nations Charter prohibits the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State without Security Council authorization. As a general rule, absent host-State consent or a valid invocation of Article 51 self-defence, operations targeting non-state actors—such as foreign criminal groups—on another State’s territory breach this prohibition and constitute a “breach of the peace” or “act of aggression” under Articles 39 and 42 of the Charter (, ).

Would the deployment of armed force by a State against a non-state criminal group located in another State’s territory without the host State’s consent violate Article 2(4) of the United Nations Charter?

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