Administrative enforcement allows federal agencies like the FCC, SEC, and EPA to investigate alleged violations, hold internal hearings before administrative law judges, and impose civil monetary penalties without going to federal court. Defenders say in-house proceedings are faster and more efficient. Critics argue they violate due process and Seventh Amendment rights because the agency acts as prosecutor, judge, and jury simultaneously. The Supreme Court has been narrowing this power since its 2024 decision in SEC v. Jarkesy.