Agency discretion refers to the authority Congress delegates to federal agencies to make policy decisions within the scope of their enabling statutes. The Administrative Procedure Act generally allows judicial review of agency actions but carves out an exception for actions "committed to agency discretion by law" under 5 U.S.C. § 701(a)(2). Courts have interpreted this exception narrowly, applying it only when a statute provides no meaningful standard against which to measure the agency's exercise of discretion. The Trump administration argued in Mullin v. Doe and Trump v. Miot that TPS termination decisions fall entirely within unreviewable DHS discretion.