The Spending Clause of Article I, Section 8 allows Congress to spend money for the general welfare, and to condition that spending on states meeting certain requirements. The Supreme Court defined the limits in South Dakota v. Dole (1987): conditions must be clearly stated, related to the program's purpose, and not so coercive as to be unconstitutional. The Court drew a further line in NFIB v. Sebelius (2012), ruling that withholding all Medicaid funding to force states to expand the program was unconstitutionally coercive. The Vance-Oz Minnesota freeze tests where that line sits when only a portion of funding is withheld.