The FBI conducts domestic counterintelligence under authorities established by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), Executive Order 12333, and FBI internal guidelines. These authorities allow monitoring of individuals suspected of acting as agents of a foreign power, but require judicial oversight through the FISA Court for electronic surveillance. During wartime conditions, the executive branch has historically claimed broader surveillance powers — tested in cases like In re Directives (2008) and the post-9/11 warrantless wiretapping program. The Iran sleeper cell alert raised questions about whether wartime framing would be used to expand domestic surveillance beyond FISA limits.