Redistricting normally follows the decennial Census, which occurs every ten years, with states drawing new maps in years ending in 1 (e.g., 2021). Mid-decade redistricting occurs when a state redraws maps outside this cycle, typically when a party gains legislative control and seeks to lock in political advantages. The 2003 Texas redistricting engineered by Rep. Tom DeLay was the most prominent modern example before 2025. The 2025 Texas redistricting pushed by President Trump — signed by Gov. Greg Abbott on August 29, 2025 — marked only the second such episode in modern history. Federal courts have not found mid-decade redistricting unconstitutional per se, but such maps face the same Voting Rights Act and equal protection constraints as post-Census maps.