Ramos v. Louisiana, 590 U.S. 83 (2020), is a landmark Supreme Court decision in which Justice Neil Gorsuch wrote for a 6-3 majority that the Sixth Amendment requires unanimous jury verdicts in criminal trials, and that this requirement applies to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment. The ruling overturned two earlier decisions, Apodaca v. Oregon and Johnson v. Louisiana (both 1972), that had allowed states to convict on 10-2 votes. The Court acknowledged that Louisiana adopted its non-unanimous jury rule at the 1898 constitutional convention, whose chairman stated the avowed purpose was to establish white supremacy. The decision freed Evangelisto Ramos, who had been convicted by a 10-2 jury vote, and affected hundreds of cases still on direct appeal. Calvin Duncan, who was wrongfully convicted under Louisiana law, was a driving force behind the advocacy that led to the case.