The Seventh Amendment's Re-examination Clause states that facts decided by a jury cannot be reexamined by any federal court except through common law methods. This prevents judges from overturning jury verdicts on factual questions after the trial ends.
The Framers added this protection because state ratifying conventions feared the Supreme Court's appellate power over facts would effectively abolish civil juries by allowing appeals courts to retry facts. Justice Joseph Story called this clause more important than the amendment's initial guarantee of jury trials. Under common law, courts can only reexamine jury facts two ways: granting a new trial in the original court, or ordering a venire facias de novo by the appeals court when legal errors occurred during proceedings.