In Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President & Fellows of Harvard College (2023), the Supreme Court ruled 6-3 that race-conscious admissions programs at Harvard University and the University of North Carolina violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Chief Justice John Roberts wrote the majority opinion, holding that universities could not use race as a factor in admissions. The ruling overturned decades of precedent established in Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) and Gratz v. Bollinger (2003). The Trump administration's ACTS data mandate was created specifically to audit whether universities were complying with SFFA by using racial proxies in admissions decisions.