Immigration and Naturalization Service Ceases to Exist

The Homeland Security Act of 2002 takes effect, abolishing the INS and transferring its functions to three separate DHS bureaus: USCIS (benefits and naturalization), ICE (enforcement and deportation), and CBP (border control). This organizational restructuring fragments detention authority across multiple agencies, complicating statutory interpretation of §236 "reasonable" detention standards. Detention becomes increasingly a tool of ICE rather than a court-supervised process. The reorganization shifted detention authority away from judicial oversight and toward executive discretion.