During Stephen Miran’s Sept. 4, 2025 Senate Banking Committee confirmation hearing, what protection does the Senate’s “Advice and Consent” role under Article II, Section 2 of the Constitution offer for Federal Reserve appointments?

Warren stated that “illegally removing a Fed governor is a key step in Trump’s scheme to destroy Fed independence.” What statutory and constitutional safeguards—in particular 12 U.S.C. § 242 and Supreme Court precedents Humphrey’s Executor v. United States (295 U.S. 602 (1935)), Wiener v. United States (357 U.S. 349 (1958)), and Trump v. Wilcox (145 S. Ct. 1415 (2025))—protect Federal Reserve Board Governors from arbitrary removal “for cause”?

During his September 4, 2025 confirmation hearing, Stephen Miran said he would take unpaid leave from his role as Chair of the White House Council of Economic Advisers and would only resign if nominated to a full Fed term, since his current nomination fills a seat expiring January 31, 2026. How does this timeline-based ethics position affect his view of conflicts of interest?