When did the EU open gatekeeper investigations into Amazon and Microsoft's cloud computing services?

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The European Commission opened three market investigations on cloud computing services under the Digital Markets Act on November 18, 2025. Two investigations assess whether Amazon Web Services and Microsoft Azure should be designated as gatekeepers despite not meeting the DMA thresholds for size, user numbers, and market position. A third investigation examines whether the DMA can effectively tackle practices that may limit competitiveness and fairness in the cloud computing sector. The Commission aims to conclude the gatekeeper designation investigations within 12 months.

When did the EU open gatekeeper investigations into Amazon and Microsoft's cloud computing services?

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