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National Security · Public Policy · Foreign Policy·September 15, 2024

Biden fails to restore Iran nuclear deal after Trump's withdrawal

Revival efforts collapsed as nuclear advances killed diplomatic chances

President Joe Biden required Iran to return to full JCPOA compliance before the U.S. would lift sanctions, reversing the original simultaneous compliance-for-sanctions relief approach (Responsible Statecraft; CNBC Analysis).

During Biden’s term, Iran’s uranium stockpile grew from 202 kg to 4 745 kg and Iran enriched uranium to 60% purity—just below weapons-grade levels—by the time he left office (Arms Control Center; Bulletin of Atomic Scientists).

On October 7, 2023, the Hamas attack on Israel, which Iran supported, effectively ended any remaining efforts to revive the JCPOA (Bulletin of Atomic Scientists; Axios Timeline).