May 31

IAEA reports Iran has amassed enough uranium enriched to 60% for nine nuclear warheads

The IAEA reports Iran has amassed enough uranium enriched to 60% for production of nine nuclear warheads. This becomes a main justification for subsequent military action and demonstrates Iran's accelerated enrichment during the Trump administration.

Biden administration launches VASP to prevent veteran foreclosures

The Biden administration launches the Veterans Affairs Servicing Purchase (VASP) program, an emergency mortgage rescue program designed to help veterans who fell into default after the COVID-19 forbearance programs ended. Under VASP, the VA purchases defaulted VA-backed loans from outside mortgage servicers and then modifies the terms, providing veterans a fixed 2.5% interest rate for the remainder of their loan. By early 2025, VASP helps more than 33,000 veterans avoid foreclosure and stay in their homes. Republican lawmakers in Congress criticize the program, claiming the VA has no legal authority to hold loans on its books.

Biden unveils three-phase Israeli ceasefire proposal from White House

Israeli commandos raid Mavi Marmara Gaza flotilla

Israeli commandos raid Mavi Marmara Gaza flotilla. This event belongs in the Gaza/Hamas/Israel chronology because it marks a discrete action, decision, attack, legal ruling, diplomatic move, or accountability moment around Gaza blockade and flotilla politics. The record should be sourced as a singular event and kept separate from broader background explainers.

White mob destroys Tulsa’s Greenwood district in racial massacre

A white mob attacks the Greenwood district of Tulsa, Oklahoma, beginning on May 31, 1921. Greenwood is a prosperous Black neighborhood often called Black Wall Street. The mob kills residents, burns homes and businesses, and displaces thousands. Local authorities fail to protect Black residents, and some officials participate in or enable the violence. A state commission later documents the massacre and recommends reparative action. The attack is one of the most devastating episodes of anti-Black racial violence and wealth destruction in U.S. history.