The Court ruled 6-3 on July 1, 2024, with all three liberals dissenting
Sotomayor read her dissent aloud from the bench — reserved for decisions justices find most serious
Sotomayor dissent was 30 pages and used hypotheticals including presidential assassination orders and military coups
Roberts majority embedded a procedural bar: prosecutors cannot use evidence of official acts to prove intent even for unofficial-act crimes
Jackson wrote separately, agreeing with every word of Sotomayor dissent and adding her own structural argument
Nixon v. Fitzgerald 1982 gave presidents civil immunity for official acts; Trump v. United States extended that logic to criminal prosecution