Donald Trump, 45th President

McGirt v. Oklahoma held that the Creek Reservation was never disestablished and remains Indian country under federal law. Because McGirt was an enrolled tribal member and the crimes occurred within reservation boundaries, Oklahoma lacked jurisdiction under the Major Crimes Act.

Bostock held that Title VII's ban on discrimination because of sex protects employees from being fired for being gay or transgender. The Court reasoned that an employer cannot make those decisions without taking the employee's sex into account. The ruling created nationwide federal employment protection for LGBTQ workers under Title VII.

Ramos v. Louisiana held that state felony convictions for serious offenses require unanimous juries. The decision overruled Apodaca v. Oregon and invalidated Louisiana's and Oregon's non-unanimous jury systems. The Court emphasized both constitutional text and history, including the racist roots of Louisiana's rule.

Rucho v. Common Cause held that partisan-gerrymandering claims are nonjusticiable political questions in federal court. The ruling closed a federal judicial path for challenging maps drawn to entrench partisan power, while leaving state and congressional remedies available.

The Court overruled the rule that forced property owners to seek compensation in state court before bringing federal takings claims. A takings plaintiff may go to federal court once the government takes property without paying just compensation.

Janus held that public-sector agency fees violate the First Amendment when taken from employees who do not consent. The Court overruled Abood and barred states and public-sector unions from extracting those fees from nonmembers.

Carpenter held that obtaining historical cell-site location information is a Fourth Amendment search. Police generally must get a warrant before collecting this kind of location record from a wireless carrier.

South Dakota v. Wayfair overruled the physical-presence rule that had blocked states from requiring many out-of-state sellers to collect sales tax. The Court held that substantial virtual and economic contacts can be enough for state tax collection duties under the Commerce Clause.

Masterpiece Cakeshop was a narrow Free Exercise decision. The Court held that Colorado officials handled Jack Phillips' religious objection with impermissible hostility, so the state order against him had to be reversed. The Court left open the broader question of when public accommodations laws may require expressive services for same-sex weddings over religious or speech objections.

Epic Systems held that employment arbitration agreements requiring individualized proceedings are enforceable. The Court rejected the argument that the NLRA protects class or collective litigation strongly enough to override the FAA.

Trinity Lutheran held that Missouri violated the Free Exercise Clause when it excluded a church from a generally available playground-resurfacing grant because of religious status. The Court treated that exclusion as discrimination against religious exercise.